Absolute survival estimates - The actual proportion of smolts surviving through the zone of inference.

Actions - Actions define what will take place "on the ground" (projects) and are guided by the strategies.

Action Agencies - Generally, the Federal agency proposing to take a particular action. Specifically, the Federal agencies that operate or market power from the Federal Columbia River Power System, namely BPA, Corps and USBR.

Active Channel - (1) Short-term geomorphic feature, defined by bank break that marks a change to permanent vegetation. (2) The portion of a channel in which flows occur frequently enough to keep vegetation from becoming established. An active channel is formed and maintained by normal water and sediment processes.

Adaptive management - Feedback based on knowledge or data generated by monitoring and evaluation actions, of the effects or results of an implemented action. The information and data are purposefully collected and used to improve future management plans and actions.

Adfluvial - Possessing a life history trait of migrating between lakes or rivers and streams.

Adult fallback - Adult salmonids that swim or drift back downstream through the powerhouse or spillway of a dam after passing upstream of the facilities and must pass the dam a second time in order to successfully complete their migration.

Alevin - The developmental life stage of young salmonids and trout that are between the egg and fry stage. The alevin has not absorbed its yolk sac and has not emerged from the spawning gravels.

Allele - An alternative form of the same gene at a particular gene locus (the location of the gene on a chromosome).

Anthropogenic - Of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.

Aquatic habitat - A specific type of area with environmental (i.e., biological, chemical, or physical) characteristics needed and used by an aquatic organism, population, or community.

Artificial production - Spawning, incubating, hatching or rearing fish in a hatchery or other facility constructed for fish production.

Artificial Production Review (APR) - The Northwest Power Planning document that recommends how to use fish hatcheries in the Columbia River Basin.

Artificial propagation - Any assistance provided by man in the reproduction of Pacific salmon. This assistance includes, but is not limited to, spawning and rearing in hatcheries, stock transfers, creation of spawning habitat, egg bank programs, captive broodstock programs, and cryopreservation of gametes.

Artificial selection - Assistance provided by man in the determination and selection of the genetic fitness of an individual of a species for artificial fish production.

At-risk Fish Stocks - Stocks of Anadromous salmon and trout that have been identified by professional societies, fish management agencies, and in the scientific literature as being in need of special management consideration because of low or declining populations.

At-risk Populations - Fish, wildlife, and plant populations that have been identified by professional societies, fish management agencies, and in the scientific literature as being in need of special management consideration because of low or declining populations.

Aquatic Habitat - A specific type of area with environmental (i.e., biological, chemical, or physical) characteristics needed and used by an aquatic organism, population, or community.

Augmentation - The practice of rearing and releasing artificially propagated salmon and steelhead to enhance natural population levels.

Augmentation (of stream flow) - Increasing stream flow under normal conditions, by releasing storage water from reservoirs.

Authorities (tribal government) - The right and power which an officer has in the exercise of a public function to compel obedience to his lawful commands.

BKD - Bacterial Kidney Disease, a salmon disease caused by the pathogen Renibacterium salmoninarum.

Bank configuration - The contour and the functional arrangement of the vegetative and soil materials that form and delimit the stream channel from the surrounding land.

Bank integrity - This generally refers to the structural integrity of a bank or how well a particular bank resists erosion.

Bank stabilization - Placement of materials such as riprap, logs, gabions, and planting of vegetation to prevent bank erosion.

Bankfull Discharge - Maximum streamflow that can be accommodated within the channel without overtopping the banks and spreading onto the floodplain. Generally the level associated with two- or three -year streamflow events.

Barrier - Any physical, physiographic, chemical or biological to migration or dispersal of aquatic organisms.

Baseline - (1) Reference point for comparison of subsequent measurements. (2) Level of a receiving stream.

Base stream flow(s) - The flow resulting precipitation that percolates to the ground water and slowly moves through the substrate to a channel. In contrast, stormflow is precipitation that reached the channel over a short time frame by surface or underground routes.

Bed Load - Substrate moving on or near a streambed and frequently in contact with it.

Beneficial Use - In water use law, the reasonable use of water for a purpose consistent with the laws and best interest of people.

Biological Community - A naturally occurring, distinctive group of different organisms which inhabit a common environment, interact with each other, and are relatively independent of other groups.

Biological Potential - The ability for depressed stocks of fish to experience production levels consistent with its available habitat and within the natural variations in survival for the stock.

Bottleneck - A sharp reduction of a breeding population's size to a few individuals. The genetic consequences of a bottleneck, especially the loss of genetic variability, depend on both its magnitude and its duration.

Broodstock - The pool of captured adult salmon a hatchery has available for artificial spawning. This pool can be made up of wild and/or returning hatchery salmon.

Broodstock, wild - Adult fish harvested from indigenous populations used to propagate the subsequent generation of hatchery fish.

Bypass systems - Juvenile salmonid bypass systems consist of screens lowered into turbine intakes to divert fish away from turbines at hydroelectric dams. Bypassed fish are either returned directly to the river below the dam or into barges and trucks for transport to a release site downstream from Bonneville Dam. PIT-tag detectors identify all PIT-tagged fish passing through the bypass systems. In addition, the systems are equipped with subsampling capabilities that allow hands-on enumeration and examination of a portion of the collection for coded-wire tags (CWT), brands, species composition, injuries, etc. Recovery information at bypass systems is used to develop survival estimates, travel time estimates, and run timing; to identify problem areas within the bypass system; and as part of the basis for flow management decisions during the juvenile migrations.

Buffer - Vegetation strip maintained along a stream or lake to mitigate the impacts of actions on adjacent lands. Also called a buffer strip, leave strip, or streamside management zone.

Bulkhead - Wall of wood, metal, rock, or concrete used to support a slumping bank.

CAD – Coho Anemia Disease.

Captive -breeding program - A form of artificial propagation involving the collection of individuals (or gametes) from a natural population and the rearing of these individuals to maturity in captivity. For listed species, a captive broodstock is considered part of the evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) from which it is taken.

Carrying Capacity - The maximum number and type of species which a particular habitat or environment can support without detrimental effects.

Channel - A natural or artificial waterway that periodically or continuously contains moving waters, has a definite bed, and has banks that serve to confine water at low to moderate streamflows.

Channelization - Deepening an existing stream channel or creating a new stream channel by human activity to increase the rate of runoff or to lower the water table.

Channel Width - Horizontal distance along a transect line from bank to bank at the bankfull stage, measured at right angles to the direction of flow. Multiple channel widths are summed to represent total channel width.

Channel complexity - The number of physical features (e.g., pool-riffle ratios, size, and classes of substrate particles, amount and type of woody debris, cannel slope, shape, sinuosity, and pattern) contained in a channel. The greater the number of features found in a given length (e.g., two meander lengths), the greater the complexity.

Channel modification - Any change, natural or induced, in the character of a channel.

Channel simplification - Reducing channel complexity by any natural or induced means.

Channel widening - Increasing the width of a channel by natural or induced means.

Check dam - Small dam of logs, rock, gabions, concrete, or other materials that completely spans the stream channel, slowing swift current and creating a plunge pool downstream from the sudden drop in channel elevation. Used to control soil erosion, head cutting in streams, and retard the flow of water and sediment in a channel.

CLAMS – Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study, a multidisciplinary effort sponsored through the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station, OSU's College of Forestry, and the Oregon Department of Forestry. The main goal is to analyze the aggregate ecological, economic and social consequences of forest policies of different landowners in the Coast Range.

Cobble (nests) - Substrate particles that range from 2 to 10 inches in diameter at its largest ordinate.

Cohort - Individuals all resulting from the same birth-pulse, and thus all of the same age.

Conservation Crisis Levels - Conservation crisis levels are defined as levels similar to the 1999 harvest rates for listed spring/summer Chinook salmon (5 to 7 percent), and comparable conservation crisis levels for listed Snake River fall Chinook salmon and listed steelhead.

Conservation easement - Acquiring, through lease, purchase, or donation, the right to protect, improve, or maintain habitats or a particular habitat conditions.

Conservation hatchery program - A program that uses artificial propagation to recover Pacific salmon by maintaining the listed species' genetic and ecological integrity.

Conservation Status - The relative health of a salmonid population, in particular whether it warrants listing as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.

Conservation Strategy - A management plan for a species, group of species, or ecosystem that prescribes standards and guidelines that if implemented provide a high likelihood that the species, groups of species, or ecosystem, with its full complement of species and processes, will continue to exist well distributed throughout a planning area, i.e., a viable population.

Control Structure - Artificial structure designed to regulate and control the movement of water.

Conveyance Loss - Loss of water in transit from a conduit or channel due to leakage, seepage, evaporation, or evapo-transpiration.

Critical habitat - The geographic area occupied by or essential to the species.

Critical (stock) - A stock of fish experiencing production levels that are so low that permanent damage to the stock is likely or has already occurred.

Crossbreeding - Reproduction between two distinct conspecific gene pools (compare with "hybridization," which generally refers to reproduction between distinct species or higher tax). With respect to listed species of Pacific salmon, crossbreeding generally refers to interbreeding between individuals from different evolutionarily significant units (ESUs).

Cryopreservation - Preservation of gametes at very low temperature (e.g., use of liquid nitrogen to freeze sperm for later propagative use).

Cultural Resource - A term for which the meaning is largely derived from and limited by Federal law, regulation, and Executive Orders, and Departmental or agency standards or policies. Cultural resources are specific places that may be or are important in the history of the nation and its peoples. These resources include prehistoric or historic period archeological sites; buildings or structures of architectural, engineering, or historical associative value; places of importance in history or tradition; and traditional cultural properties, which are resources important in maintaining the traditional lifeways of a community. Within the broad range of cultural resources are those that have recognized "historical significance." Locations or buildings that retain physical integrity and meet the criteria for listing on the National Register of Historic Places specifically are "historic properties". A fishing ground or site may be an example of a "cultural resource" (and may even be a historic property if it meets the National Register eligibility criteria).

Cumulative Risk Initiative (CRI) - Scientific analysis developed by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center of NMFS, to model quasi-extinction projections for salmon and steelhead ESUs. The CRI also examines where in the salmon life cycle opportunities exist to improve survivals and reduce the risk of extinction.

CWD – Cold Water Disease, a salmon disease caused by the pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilium.

Dam survival - The survival of the fish going through the combined passage routes of the dam, as defined by the forebay to the tailrace. For example, in the HCPs, this area is defined as 500 feet upstream of the dam to 1,000 feet downstream.

DBH - diameter at breast height, a measurement of tree size.

Declining (stock) - A stock experiencing a decline in productive levels.

Default Indicator Criteria - indicators of ecosystem condition that are to be used until they are replace with more accurate criteria based on a more site specific analysis. The indicator criteria has been provided to describe the conditions in upland, riparian, and instream areas that function to maintain productive populations of salmonids (NMFS). Also see: properly functioning conditions.

Degradation - This term typically refers to the loss or reduction in one or more characteristics of an environment. It may be as simple as the changes due to erosion or as complex as the loss or reduction of one or more ecosystem functions.

De-listing - Removal of a species or ESU from endangered or threatened status under the ESA.

Density-dependence - A process, such as fecundity, whose value depends on the number of animals in the population per unit area.

Depressed (stock) - The report "1992 Washington State Salmon and Steelhead Stock Inventory" (WDF et al. 1993) defines "depressed" as a stock of fish whose production is below expected levels based on available habitat and natural variations in survival rates, but above the level where permanent damage to the stock is likely.

Descaling - Physical injury to a fish that results in the removal of scales and protective mucus layers.

Delayed mortality - Indirect mortality expressed beyond the of the zone of inference. Evidence for the existence of such effects can only be ascertained by sampling the tagged fish later in the life history most commonly upon return as adults. Because delayed mortality studies require the measurement of adult returns, delayed mortality is outside the scope of a guidance document for juvenile survival studies.

Dewatering - Removing all the water from an artificial or natural container or channel. Typically refers to the immediate downstream habitat effects associated with a water withdrawal action that diverts the entire flow of a stream or river to another location.

Direct survival/mortality - Direct mortality occurs in close proximity in time and space to the causative mechanism (i.e., direct effects are localized and immediate—the impact causes mortality directly). Direct mortality is typically studied for fish passing a specific passage route (e.g., turbine or sluiceway) at a dam.[Note 1]

Discharge - Rate at which a volume of water flows past a point per unit of time, usually expressed as cubit meters per second or cubic feet per second.

Disturbance - A force that caused changes in habitat or community structure and composition through (a) natural events such as fire, flood, wind or earthquake; (b) mortality due to insect or disease outbreaks; or (c) human activities such as agriculture, grazing, logging, mining, road construction, etc.

Dissolved gas - The amount of a particular gas or of all gasses dissolved in water. Usually measured in parts per million.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) - A measure of the oxygen dissolved in water and therefore available for use by plants, shellfish, fish and other animals. The amount of DO can be an important indicator of the condition of a water body. If the DO is too low, aquatic plants and animals may die or be more susceptible to adverse effects of disease, toxic substances and other stressors. Wastewater and naturally occurring organic matter consume dissolved oxygen when decomposing.

Distinct Population Segment - A population segment that is discrete in relation to the remainder of the species to which it belongs, and significant to the species to which it belongs. An Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) of Pacific Salmon is considered a DPS. DPSs must be designated through a rulemaking. See the Policy Regarding the Recognition of Distinct Vertebrate Population Segments Under the Endangered Species Act for more discussion of discreteness and significance.

Diversion structures - Typically refers to structures that diverts of withdraws water from a stream or river to another location usually for irrigation purposes.

DLCD – Department of Land Conservation and Development.

Domestication selection - Natural selection that operates on a population during artificial propagation to produce adaptations to the culture environment. Domestication selection typically requires more than one complete life cycle to produce a permanent phenotypic response. Domestication selection tends to eliminate fish that cannot adapt well to the captive environment, which may include some fish that are well-adapted to their natural environment.

Duration Curve - A graphical representation of the number of times given quantities such as stream flow occurred, or a percentage of events during a time period. The event of quantity is arranged in order of magnitude along the ordinate with the time period expressed as a percentage along the abscissa.

Drafting (reservoir) - Lowering of the elevation of a reservoir, which would include passing both in-flow and stored water.

Dredge and fill (permits) - Permits required by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act to remove substrate material from a water body or to place or disposed of any material (sand, gravel, rocks, pilings etc) in a body of water.

Ecosystem - The biotic and abiotic characteristics of given area. An ecosystem can be as small as a wetland or as large as a biome (e.g., Great Basin Shrub-steppe Deserts, Tropical Rain Forests of the Lower Amazon Basin, The Columbia River Estuary). They are typically defined by some major habitat characteristic. Each has a unique set of physical, chemical, and climatic characteristics to which the plant and animal life have adapted.

Ecosystem Function - Any performance attribute or rate function with some level of biological organization (e.g., energy flow, detritus processing, or nutrient spiraling).

Ecosystem Diagnosis and Treatment (EDT) - An expert opinion and empirical modeling approach to stream and watershed assessments.

Effective population size (Ne) - A mathematical construct that takes into account skewed sex ratio and variance in progeny number, as well as the actual number of breeders, to estimate the number of effectively breeding individuals in a population. Ne is the size of an idealized population (i.e., one in which sexes are equally represented, parents are randomly mated, and numbers of progeny are randomly distributed among families) that shows the same rate of loss of genetic variability as the observed population.

Effect zone - That segment of the hydroelectric system where fish encounter the mortality agents under study (an effect zone can be as small as a bypass outfall, or as large as the entire FCRPS).

Egg Incubation - Egg development of the embryo, influenced by temperature and other environmental factors.

EIBS – Erythrocytic Inclusion Body Syndrome, a salmon disease.

Emergence - The process during which fry leave their gravel spawning nest and enter the water column.

Emigration - Referring to the movement of organisms out of an area.

Endangered Species Act (ESA) - An Act passed by Congress in 1973 intended to protect species and subspecies of plants and animals that are of "aesthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational and scientific value." It may also protect the listed species' critical habitat, the geographic area occupied by or essential to the species. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) share authority to list endangered species, determine critical habitat, and develop recovery plans for listed species.

Endemic (species) - Native to or limited to a specific region.

Enhancement - (1) An improvement of ecological conditions over existing conditions for aquatic, terrestrial, or recreational resources. (2) Any change that is made for the improvement of a structural or functional attribute for a species or habitat. Some enhancement activities that result in a positive impact on a single species or specific component of an ecosystem may negatively impact others.

Environment - Combination of physical, chemical, climactic, and biotic conditions that influence the development, growth, structure, and vigor of an organism, population, or community.

Environmental baseline condition - This is some pre-project environmental condition. It is the environmental standard that project effects are measured against.

Erosion - (1) The process of weathering or wearing away of streambanks and adjacent land slopes by water, ice, wind, or other factors. (2) Removal of rock and soil from the land surface by a variety of processes including gravitation stress, mass wasting, or movement in a medium.

ESA - Endangered Species Act

Escapement - The number of salmon and steelhead that return to a specified measuring location after all natural mortality and harvest have occurred. Spawning escapement consist of those fish that survive to spawn.

Estuary, estuarine - The area where the fresh water of a river meets and mixes with the salt water of the ocean.

Evolutionarily significant unit (ESU) - A population or group of populations that is considered distinct (and hence a "species") for purposes of conservation under the Endangered Species Act. To qualify as an ESU, a population must (1) be reproductively isolated from other conspecific populations, and (2) represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the biological species.

Evolutionary response - The adaptations of a species accrued in response to environmental changes over a long period of time.

Exploitation rate - The proportion of a population at the beginning of a given time period that is caught during that time period (usually expressed on a yearly basis). For example, if 720,000 fish were caught during the year from a population of 1 million fish alive at the beginning of the year, the annual exploitation rate would be 0.72.

Extant (populations) - describes types or species of animals that are currently living. Not extinct.

Extinction risk - Likelihood of an organism becoming extinct, usually within a given time period.

Extirpate - To destroy or remove completely, as a species from a particular area, region, or habitat.

Extra Mortality - Numerous suites of conditions corresponding to a deteriorating situation for the listed species, crucial to the assessment of how well different management options will perform.

Fecundity - The total number of eggs produced by a female fish.

Federal Columbia River Power System (FCRPS) - The set of dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers operated by the Federal operating agencies.

Fines - Particulate material, less than 2 mm in diameter, including sand, silt, clay, and fine organic material.

Fish Sanctuary - Resting, rearing, or spawning area for fish where they are protected by barriers or regulation from exploitation by sport or commercial fishers.

Fitness - An individual's contribution, relative to other individuals, to the breeding population in the next generation. Measures of an individual's reproductive success such as its survival, fertility, and age at reproduction, are typically used as indicators of fitness. The fitness of a group of individuals (e.g., a population) may be defined as the group's ability to maintain itself in its environment. It is therefore a composite measure of individual reproductive success.

Fisheries (in-river) - Harvest occurring within freshwater areas.

Fisheries (known-stock) - Harvest targeting a specific stock(s).

Fisheries (marine or ocean) - Harvest occurring in marine areas.

Fishery (non-Indian) - Fisheries conducted by non-tribal members.

Fishery (mixed-stock) - Harvest occurring at such a time or location as to potentially catch fish from multiple stock(s).

Fishery (subsistence) - See ""Tribal Fishing Rights."

Fishery (ceremonial) - See "Tribal Fishing Rights."

Fishing pressure - The impact of fishing on fish populations.

Flood - (1) Rising and overflowing of a water body onto normally dry land. (2) Any flow that exceeds the bankfull capacity of a stream or channel and flows onto the floodplain.

Floodplain - (1) Area adjoining a water body that becomes inundated during periods of overbank flooding and that is given rigorous legal definitions in regulatory programs. (2) Land beyond a stream channel that forms the perimeter for the maximum probability flood. (3) Strip of land bordering a stream that is formed by substrate deposition. (4) Deposit of alluvium that covers a valley flat from lateral erosion of meandering streams and rivers.

Flow - (1) Movement of water and other mobile substances from one location to another. (2) Volume of water passing a given point per unit of time. Synonymous with discharge.

Flow Augmentation - Increasing river flows during the juvenile out-migration by reducing winter drafts at FCRPS storage reservoirs to provide higher spring flows and a higher probability of reservoir refill; by drafting reservoirs during the out-migration season (April through August); and by acquisition of water from nonfederal sources.

Flow Requirements - Quantity of flow for a given stream reach necessary for fish survival. These requirements may vary by species and life stage.

Flow timing - A water release schedule associated with hydropower facilities or natural flow regime or hydrograph.

Fluvial - Of or pertaining to a river or stream. This includes the slope, shape, and channel, its substrate characteristics, its flow characteristics, its sediment transport characteristics and geomorphic conditions that contribute to these conditions.

FMP – Fishery Management Plan, a long-term plan to manage fish stocks to ensure sustainable populations and fishing opportunities.

Fry (emergence) - The first free-swimming life stage of a salmonid.

Gabion - Wire cage or basket filled with rocks or stone used to stabilize banks and to enhance aquatic habitat.

Gas Bubble Disease (or trauma) - Conditions caused when dissolved gas in supersaturated water comes out of solution and equilibrates with atmospheric conditions, forming bubbles within the tissues of aquatic organisms. Can cause fatal condition in fish similar to the bends.

Gas Supersaturation - The overabundance of gases in turbulent water, such as at the base of a dam spillway.

Geneflow - The incorporation of migrant genes into a receiving population.

Genetic Diversity - The array of genetic traits that exists within a population, due to a large number of slightly dissimilar ancestors, which enables it to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Genetic drift - The stochastic process of genetic change through random shifts in allele frequencies. These changes can lead to loss (or, alternatively, fixation) of alleles. Genetic drift can eliminate gene polymorphisms and thereby erode genetic variability, and its effects are greatest in populations of small size. Genetic Exchange - The transfer of genes among individual organisms within a population.

Genetic Fitness - The relative reproductive success of a population (genotype) as measured by fecundity, survival, and other life history parameters.

Genetic Interactions - Outbreeding between genetically differentiated populations. Straying of genetically divergent hatchery produced salmon into a native population.

Genetic Variability - Differences in the frequency of genes and traits among individual organisms within a population.

Geographically Localized (populations, stocks) - Populations restricted to a well defined area set by systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc.

GNRO – Governor's Natural Resource Office (Oregon)

Goal - This goal of the plan is the restoration of spring Chinook, steelhead, and bull trout populations such that they become viable, self-sustaining components of their ecosystem.

Groundwater - (1) Water located interstitially in the substrate of the earth that is recharged by infiltration and enters streams through seepage and springs. (2) Subsurface water in a zone of saturation, standing in or passing through (groundwater flow) the soil and the underlying strata.

Groundwater recharge - Flow of water from the surface into groundwater.

Habitat - Specific type of place within an ecosystem occupied by an organism, population, or community that contains both living and nonliving components within specific biological, chemical, and physical characteristics including the basic life requirements of food, water, and cover or shelter.

Habitat complexity - The extent and variety of water, soil, geomorphic features and plant species of a given area. The more features the more complex a habitat.

Habitat condition indicator - Some standard (e.g., one pool and one riffle per meander length of a river) that is used to index the suitability of a habitat for some species (e.g., trout).

Habitat conservation plan -

Habitat diversity - The number and distribution of physical, chemical and typically plant material in an area. The greater the number of features, the greater the diversity.

Habitat fragmentation - Division of existing habitats into separate discrete units from modification or conversion of the habitat by anthropogenic or natural causes.

Habitat type - Aggregation of land or aquatic units having equivalent structure, function, and responses to disturbances and capable of maintaining similar animal or plant communities.

Harvest (selective) - Harvest targeted to specific fish or fish runs.

Harvest (sustainable) - A degree of fish harvest that does not deplete fish populations below replacement levels.

Harvest management - The process of setting regulations for the commercial, recreational and tribal fish harvest to achieve a specified goal within the fishery.

Harvest pressures - The degree and manner in which harvest efforts (commercial, recreational, and tribal) affect fish populations.

Harvest rate - The proportion of a returning run or total population of salmonids that is taken by fisheries, usually expressed as a catch to escapement ratio.

Harvest selectivity - A harvest strategy that targets a specific species.

Hatchery - An artificial propagation facility designed to produce fish for harvest or spawning escapement. A conservation hatchery differs from a production hatchery in that it specifically seeks to supplement or restore naturally spawning populations.

Hatchery and Genetic Management Plan (HGMP) - A mechanism for addressing and evaluating the take of certain listed species that may occur as a result of artificial propagation activities. In certain situations, the HGMPs will apply to the evaluation and issuance of section 10 take permits. Completed HGMPs may also be used for regional fish production and management planning by federal, state, and tribal resource managers. The primary goal of the HGMP is to devise biologically-based artificial propagation management strategies that ensure the conservation and recovery of listed Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs).

Hatchery intervention - The use of artificial propagation to enhance, conserve, and recover salmonid populations.

Hatchery release - Artificially propagated fish released into the wild for the purpose of mitigating, supplementing, augmenting, and restoring a fish population or a fishery.

Head cut - Upstream migration of deepening of a stream channel that results from cutting (i.e., erosion) of the streambank by high water velocities.

Healthy (stock) - A stock of fish experiencing production levels consistent with its available habitat and within the natural variations in survival for the stock.

Heavy metals - Metallic elements with high atomic weights, e.g., mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, and lead. They can damage living things at low concentrations and tend to accumulate in the food chain.

Homing - The ability of a salmon or steelhead to correctly identify and return to their natal stream, following maturation at sea.

Hydraulics - The principles governing mechanical properties of static and moving water (provisions of optimum passage at dams depend on knowledge of fish behavioral response to hydraulics at dams).

Hydroacoustics - The use of sound to estimate the number of fish using a specific passage route.

Hydrograph (river) - A graphic representation of stage, flow, velocity, or other characteristics of water at any given point.

Hydrologic function - The effects of water on the earth's surface, soil and rocks.

Hydropower - Electrical power generation produced by dams.

IHN - Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis, a salmonid disease caused by a virus

Impoundment - Any human-made structure for retaining natural flows (e.g., reservoirs).

IMST - Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team, a team that advises the state on matters of science related to the Oregon Plan for Salmon and Watersheds

Inbreeding - occurs when there is mating between close relatives. It can affect growth, survival, and reproduction. Inbreeding is high in small populations because most individuals are related. Hatcheries that use only a portion of a population for broodstock can increase the level of inbreeding.

Inbreeding depression - A reduction in fitness resulting from mating between close relatives that occurs by chance in small populations or by assortative mating in large populations. Inbreeding depression is a consequence of the expression of deleterious recessive alleles as homozygosity increases; therefore, it depends largely on dominance, or interactions between alleles within loci.

Incidental take - Take of a threatened or endangered species that is incidental to, and not the directed purpose of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity.

Indigenous - Existing, growing, or produced naturally in a region.

Indirect survival/mortality - Indirect mortality is mortality that occurs as a consequence of the causative mechanism, but not in close proximity in time and space to the causative mechanism. For example, fish passing through a turbine may be disoriented and become more susceptible to predation for some distance downstream. Resulting increased predation, then, would be mortality that occurred indirectly because of turbine passage.

Infrastructure - An underlying base or foundation.

Institutional barrier - Impediment or obstruction to achieving institutional goals based on current policies and mandates enacted by other institutions.

Instream flows - The amount of water passing a particular point in a stream or river, usually expressed in cubic-feet per second (cfs). Typically concerned with the minimum flow in a stream needed to protect and maintain aquatic life.

Integrated hatchery program - if a principal goal is to minimize potential genetic divergence between the hatchery broodstock and a naturally spawning population such that natural-origin fish are systematically included in the broodstock each year or generation.

Integrated Rule Curves (IRC) - A set of reservoir operating criteria designed to meet multiple objectives (e.g., flood control, irrigation, recreation, and fish habitat.)

Inter-tidal (marsh) - Marshes located in the zone (usually in an estuary) between mean high tide and mean low tide.

Introgression - Incorporation of genetic material from one gene pool into another by hybridization or crossbreeding, followed by backcrossing between crossbred individuals and fish from the parental population(s).

Irrigation - Movement of water through ditches, canals, pipes, sprinklers, or other devices from the surface or groundwater for providing water for vegetation.

Isolated Program - A program intended to support a terminal fishery where there is little or no possibility of co-mingling with listed wild fish.

Jeopardy - The National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have defined the phrase "jeopardize the continued existence of [a listed species]" to mean "to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species" (50 CFR 402.02).

Juvenile Bypass Outfall - The structure and location of the juvenile bypass system discharge.

Juvenile migrant - Juvenile salmon and steelhead migrate to the sea after various amounts of time in freshwater. Chum salmon may only spend a few days in freshwater after hatching while sockeye may spend up to four years in a lake before migrating to the sea. Juvenile migrants spending one or more years in freshwater before migrating are often referred to as smolts.

Lacustrine - Of or pertaining to a lake (e.g., a lake ecosystem).

Landscape-level characteristics - Those characteristics associated with a heterogeneous land area with interacting ecosystems.

Lateral channel movement - Movement of a stream channel laterally across a valley flow either gradually through meandering or suddenly through avulsions.

Life history strategies/types - Traits and characteristics of a stock that reflect adaptations to a unique environment (e.g., spawn timing).

Life stage - An organism's period of development to adulthood.

Limiting factor - (1) Any condition that approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance by an organism. (2) A habitat component (biological, chemical, or physical) whose quantity constraints or limits the size of a population.

Listed fish, species - Species determined to be threatened (any species in danger of becoming endangered in the foreseeable future) or endangered (a species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range) as defined under the ESA.

Local adaptations - Specialized characteristics or traits expressed by geographically distinct populations.

Low-gradient (tributary habitats) - A stream or river with a slope of less than 0.02 percent.

LWD - Large woody debris, provides important structure to stream channels for energy dissipation, fish habitat, and salmon carcass retention (Cederholm et al. 2000).

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA) - The principal Federal statute that provides for the management of U.S. marine fisheries. The basic concepts of the Act include biological conservation of a fishery resource as priority over use, conservation and management decision making based on the best available scientific information, recognition of varying needs of fishery resource users, and maximization of public participation in the policy making process. Also referred to as the Magnuson-Stevens Act (MSA).

Mainstem - The principle channel of a drainage system into which other smaller streams or rivers flow.

Marine-derived nutrients (MDNs) - Nutrients - particularly nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon - originating in the ocean and transported into freshwater, largely by returning anadromous fish. Often, MDNs can represent a substantial portion of the nutrients in the temperate freshwater ecosystems of the Pacific Northwest.

Mark-selective fisheries - A fishery managed to selectively harvest distinctively marked fish.

Meander - Sinuous course of a river having specific geometric dimensions that describe the degree of curvature. More particularly, one curved portion of a sinuous or winding stream channel, consisting of two consecutive loops, one turning clockwise and the other counterclockwise.

Metapopulation - A population comprising local populations that are linked by migrants, allowing for recolonization of unoccupied habitat patches after local extinction events.

Microhabitat - Specific locations where organisms live that contain combinations of habitat characteristics that directly influence the organisms at any life stage.

Migrant blockages - Any of a number of obstructions that prevent movement of fishes up- and down- stream.

Minimum Gap Runners (MGR) - Turbine blades that maintain extremely close tolerance (less than 0.25 inches) between the bade, hub, and encasing draftube walls (discharge ring).

Mitigation - (1) Action taken to alleviate or compensate for potentially adverse effects on aquatic habitat that have been modified through anthropogenic actions. (2) In-kind mitigation may be substituted for compensation to replace a resource that has been negatively impacted with a similar resource (e.g., a stream for a stream). (3) Out-of-kind mitigation refers to replacement of one resource with another (e.g., a lake for a stream).

Mitigation hatchery fish - Artificially produced fish that are propagated to compensate for loss or reduction of a specific fish population.

MMPA – Marine Mammal Protection Act, the principal law that guides marine mammal protection and conservation, originally passed in 1972 and most recently amended in 1994

Morphology - The structure, form and appearance of an organism.

Multi-scale - A series of graduated spatial geographic areas or temporal periods.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) - A part of NOAA (under the U.S. Department of Commerce). The Federal agency charged with implementation of the Endangered Species Act. Also referred to as NOAA Fisheries Service.

NFCP - Native Fish Conservation Policy, the policy adopted by the state of Oregon in November 2002 with the purpose of ensuring the conservation and recovery of native fish. The NFCP is implemented through the development of conservation plans adopted by the Oregon Fish and Wildlife Commission.

NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The agency (under the U.S. Department of Commerce) of which NOAA Fisheries Service (NMFS) is a part.

Non-endemic stocks - Not native to or limited to a specific region.

Non-indigenous stocks - Not existing naturally in a region, state, country, etc.

Normal high water - High water mark that occurs annually in a water body. I